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In Linux there are two potential sources of kernel log information: the /proc file system and the syscall (sys_syslog) interface, although ultimately they are one and the same. Klogd is designed to choose whichever source of information is the most appropriate. It does this by first checking for the presence of a mounted /proc file system. If this is found the /proc/kmsg file is used as the source of kernel log information. If the proc file system is not mounted klogd uses a system call to obtain kernel messages. The command line switch (-s) can be used to force klogd to use the system call interface as its messaging source.
If kernel messages are directed through the syslogd daemon the klogd daemon, as of version 1.1, has the ability to properly prioritize kernel messages. Prioritization of the kernel messages was added to it at approximately version 0.99pl13 of the kernel. The raw kernel messages are of the form:
The priority of the kernel message is encoded as a single numeric digit enclosed inside the <> pair. The definitions of these values is given in the kernel include file kernel.h. When a message is received from the kernel the klogd daemon reads this priority level and assigns the appropriate priority level to the syslog message. If file output (-f) is used the prioritization sequence is left pre-pended to the kernel message.
The klogd daemon also allows the ability to alter the presentation of kernel messages to the system console. Consequent with the prioritization of kernel messages was the inclusion of default messaging levels for the kernel. In a stock kernel the the default console log level is set to 7. Any messages with a priority level numerically lower than 7 (higher priority) appear on the console.
Messages of priority level 7 are considered to be 'debug' messages and will thus not appear on the console. Many administrators, particularly in a multi-user environment, prefer that all kernel messages be handled by klogd and either directed to a file or to the syslogd daemon. This prevents 'nuisance' messages such as line printer out of paper or disk change detected from cluttering the console.
By default the klogd daemon executes a system call to inhibit all kernel messages (except for panics) from being displayed on the console. The -c switch can be used to alter this behavior. The argument given to the -c switch specifies the priority level of messages which will be directed to the console. Note that messages of a priority value LOWER than the indicated number will be directed to the console.
klogd -c 4
The definitions of the numeric values for kernel messages are given in the file kernel.h which can be found in the /usr/include/linux directory if the kernel sources are installed. These values parallel the syslog priority values which are defined in the file syslog.h found in the /usr/include/sys sub-directory.
The klogd daemon can also be used in a 'one-shot' mode for reading the kernel message buffers. One shot mode is selected by specifying the -o switch on the command line. Output will be directed to either the syslogd daemon or to an alternate file specified by the -f switch.
klogd -o -f ./krnl.msg
This information is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT in determining what caused the internal error condition. The difficulty comes when a kernel developer attempts to analyze this information. The raw numeric information present in the protection fault printout is of very little use to the developers. This is due to the fact that kernels are not identical and the addresses of variable locations or functions will not be the same in all kernels. In order to correctly diagnose the cause of failure a kernel developer needs to know what specific kernel functions or variable locations were involved in the error.
As part of the kernel compilation process a listing is created which specified the address locations of important variables and function in the kernel being compiled. This listing is saved in a file called System.map in the top of the kernel directory source tree. Using this listing a kernel developer can determine exactly what the kernel was doing when the error condition occurred.
The process of resolving the numeric addresses from the protection fault printout can be done manually or by using the ksymoops program which is included in the kernel sources.
As a convenience klogd will attempt to resolve kernel numeric addresses to their symbolic forms if a kernel symbol table is available at execution time. A symbol table may be specified by using the -k switch on the command line. If a symbol file is not explicitly specified the following filenames will be tried:
/boot/System.map /System.map /usr/src/linux/System.map
Version information is supplied in the system maps as of kernel 1.3.43. This version information is used to direct an intelligent search of the list of symbol tables. This feature is useful since it provides support for both production and experimental kernels.
For example a production kernel may have its map file stored in /boot/System.map. If an experimental or test kernel is compiled with the sources in the 'standard' location of /usr/src/linux the system map will be found in /usr/src/linux/System.map. When klogd starts under the experimental kernel the map in /boot/System.map will be bypassed in favor of the map in /usr/src/linux/System.map.
Modern kernels as of 1.3.43 properly format important kernel addresses so that they will be recognized and translated by klogd. Earlier kernels require a source code patch be applied to the kernel sources. This patch is supplied with the sysklogd sources.
The process of analyzing kernel protections faults works very well with a static kernel. Additional difficulties are encountered when attempting to diagnose errors which occur in loadable kernel modules. Loadable kernel modules are used to implement kernel functionality in a form which can be loaded or unloaded at will. The use of loadable modules is useful from a debugging standpoint and can also be useful in decreasing the amount of memory required by a kernel.
The difficulty with diagnosing errors in loadable modules is due to the dynamic nature of the kernel modules. When a module is loaded the kernel will allocate memory to hold the module, when the module is unloaded this memory will be returned back to the kernel. This dynamic memory allocation makes it impossible to produce a map file which details the addresses of the variable and functions in a kernel loadable module. Without this location map it is not possible for a kernel developer to determine what went wrong if a protection fault involves a kernel module.
klogd has support for dealing with the problem of diagnosing protection faults in kernel loadable modules. At program start time or in response to a signal the daemon will interrogate the kernel for a listing of all modules loaded and the addresses in memory they are loaded at. Individual modules can also register the locations of important functions when the module is loaded. The addresses of these exported symbols are also determined during this interrogation process.
When a protection fault occurs an attempt will be made to resolve kernel addresses from the static symbol table. If this fails the symbols from the currently loaded modules are examined in an attempt to resolve the addresses. At the very minimum this allows klogd to indicate which loadable module was responsible for generating the protection fault. Additional information may be available if the module developer chose to export symbol information from the module.
Proper and accurate resolution of addresses in kernel modules requires that klogd be informed whenever the kernel module status changes. The -i and -I switches can be used to signal the currently executing daemon that symbol information be reloaded. Of most importance to proper resolution of module symbols is the -i switch. Each time a kernel module is loaded or removed from the kernel the following command should be executed:
klogd -i
The -p switch can also be used to insure that module symbol information is up to date. This switch instructs klogd to reload the module symbol information whenever a protection fault is detected. Caution should be used before invoking the program in 'paranoid' mode. The stability of the kernel and the operating environment is always under question when a protection fault occurs. Since the klogd daemon must execute system calls in order to read the module symbol information there is the possibility that the system may be too unstable to capture useful information. A much better policy is to insure that klogd is updated whenever a module is loaded or unloaded. Having uptodate symbol information loaded increases the probability of properly resolving a protection fault if it should occur.
Included in the sysklogd source distribution is a patch to the modules-2.0.0 package which allows the insmod, rmmod and modprobe utilities to automatically signal klogd whenever a module is inserted or removed from the kernel. Using this patch will insure that the symbol information maintained in klogd is always consistent with the current kernel state.
The SIGTSTP and SIGCONT signals are used to start and stop kernel logging. Upon receipt of a SIGTSTP signal the daemon will close its log sources and spin in an idle loop. Subsequent receipt of a SIGCONT signal will cause the daemon to go through its initialization sequence and re-choose an input source. Using SIGSTOP and SIGCONT in combination the kernel log input can be re-chosen without stopping and restarting the daemon. For example if the /proc file system is to be un-mounted the following command sequence should be used:
Notations will be made in the system logs with
LOG_INFO
priority
documenting the start/stop of logging.
The SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 signals are used to initiate loading/reloading of kernel symbol information. Receipt of the SIGUSR1 signal will cause the kernel module symbols to be reloaded. Signaling the daemon with SIGUSR2 will cause both the static kernel symbols and the kernel module symbols to be reloaded.
Provided that the System.map file is placed in an appropriate location the signal of generally greatest usefulness is the SIGUSR1 signal. This signal is designed to be used to signal the daemon when kernel modules are loaded/unloaded. Sending this signal to the daemon after a kernel module state change will insure that proper resolution of symbols will occur if a protection fault occurs in the address space occupied by a kernel module.
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